Example Sentences of the Verb Pay

Model Sentences of the Verb Pay This page gives model sentences of the action word pay in all tenses including dynamic and detached structures, just as restrictive and modular structures. Base Form pay/Past Simple paid/Past Participle paid/Gerund paying Present Simple Jack for the most part pays with charge card. Present Simple Passive The bill is paid toward the finish of consistently. Present Continuous Tom is taking care of the tab now. Present Continuous Passive The bill is being paid at this point. Present Perfect Have you taken care of the phone tab yet? Present Perfect Passive Has the phone bill been paid at this point? Present Perfect Continuous Jill has been taking care of their tabs for a considerable length of time. Past Simple Tom paid for the get-away a month ago. Past Simple Passive The get-away was paid for by Tom a month ago. Past Continuous She was paying the server when the man strolled into the café. Past Continuous Passive The bill was being paid when the man strolled into the eatery. Past Perfect Dwindle had just taken care of the tab when I offered to get it. Past Perfect Passive The bill had just been paid when I offered to get it. Past Perfect Continuous She had been taking care of the considerable number of records when her obligation was excused. Future (will) Alice will pay him soon. Future (will) Passive He will be paid soon by Alice. Future (going to) Alice is going to pay him toward the week's end. Future (going to) Passive He will be paid toward the week's end. Future Continuous This time one week from now we will be taking care of the considerable number of workers. Future Perfect He will have been paid over $100,000 before the year's over. Future Possibility She may pay for supper. Genuine Conditional In the event that she pays for supper, we wont eat without a doubt. Incredible Conditional In the event that she paid for supper, we wouldnt eat without a doubt. Past Unreal Conditional In the event that she had paid for supper, we wouldnt have eaten to such an extent. Present Modal She should take care of every one of her tabs this week. Past Modal She cannot have taken care of every one of her tabs a month ago! Test: Conjugate With Pay Utilize the action word to pay to conjugate the accompanying sentences. Test answers are beneath. At times, more than one answer might be right. The bill _____ toward the finish of each month.Tom _____ for the excursion last month.The bill _____ when the man strolled into the restaurant.Alice _____ him soon. I promise.He _____ over $100,000 before the finish of the year._____ the phone bill _____ yet?Peter _____ as of now _____ the bill when I offered to get it.If she _____ for supper, we wouldnt eat very much._____ you p_____ the phone charge yet?He _____ toward the week's end as scheduled.â Test Answers is paidpaidwas being paidwill paywill have been paidHas been paidhad as of now paid paidHavepaidis going to be paid

Guava fruit Essay Example

Guava natural product Essay The intestinal stomach related chemicals alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase are assumes an essential job in the starch assimilation. One antidiabetic helpful methodology diminishes the post prandial glucose level in blood by the hindrance of alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase compounds. These can be a significant system in the board of blood glucose. The point of the current examination was to explore the phytochemical bioactive mixes of the methanolic concentrate of Psidium guajava leaves, its in vitro enemy of diabetic activity.The measure results proposes that the nearness of bioactive mixes, could be liable for the adaptable restorative properties of this plant including diabetes, the concentrate show the portion subordinate increment in inhibitory impact on alpha-glucosidase chemical (upto 89. 4%), and alpha-amylase chemical (upto 96. 3%). The present examination demonstrates that the antidiabetic action of methanolic concentrate of Psidium guajava leaves by in vitro investiga tions. * Keywords Psidium guajava; Phytochemical; alphaglucosidase; alpha-amylase Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a perplexing and a differing gathering of clutters that upsets he digestion of starch, fat and protein. The quantity of diabetes mellitus cases has been expanding worldwide lately. In 2000, the world wellbeing association assessed an aggregate of 171 million of individuals with diabetes mellitus from the worldwide populace, and this report anticipated to increment to 366 million by 2030 (Wild et al. , 2004). With a long course and genuine complexities frequently bringing about high deathrate, the treatment of diabetes spent tremendous measure of assets including meds, eats less carbs, physical preparing, etc in all countries.Thus scanning for another class of mixes is basic to defeat diabetic issues. There is ceaseless quest for elective medications (Syamsudin, 2010). 15 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Application. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) is ge nerally known as Peru or Guava in English. The Psidium guajava leaves are utilized in the treatment of looseness of the bowels, hack, stomachache, diarrhea and decoction of the leaves for cholera patients, toothache and gum bubbles. The leaves indicated hypoglycemic, cardioprotective, myocardial depressant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic activities (Ross, 1999).Inhibition of alphaamylase and alpha-glucosidase compounds can be a significant technique in the executives of post prandial blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes quiet (Ali et al. , 2006). In this way, goal of the current examination is to explore the phyto concoction, invitro antidiabetic movement of methanolic concentrate of Psidium guajava leaves. diminishing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and alkaloids by utilizing standard phytochemical methods (Evans, W. C and Evans, T. 2003). In vitro strategies utilized in antidiabetic considers Inhibition of alpha-amylase compound A starch arrangement (0. 1% w/v) was gotten by blending 0. g of potato starch in 100 ml of 16 mM of sodium acetic acid derivation support. The catalyst arrangement was set up by blending 27. 5 mg of alpha-amylase in 100 ml of refined water. The colorimetric reagent is set up by blending sodium potassium tartarate arrangement and 3, 5 di nitro salicylic corrosive arrangement 96 mM. Both control and plant extricates were included with starch arrangement and left to respond with alpha-amylase arrangement under soluble conditions at 25? C. The response was estimated more than 3 minutes. The age of maltose was evaluated by the decrease of 3, 5 dinitro salicylic corrosive to 3amino-5-nitro salicylic acid.This response is noticeable at 540 nm (Malik and Singh, 1980). Materials and Methods Plant material and extraction The new leaves of Psidium guajava were gathered locally and validated by the division of Botany, St. Joseph College, Trichy. The shade dried Psidium guajava leaves were powdered precisely and put away in a sealed shut com partment. The extraction was completed by hot permeation strategy utilizing Soxhlet device. The dissolvable utilized was methanol. Around 100 gm of powder was separated with 600 ml of methanol. The concentrate was concentrated to dryness under controlled temperature 4050Â °C.The rate yield was seen as 10. 15%. The concentrate was safeguarded in fridge till further use. Phytochemical Screening For starter phytochemical investigation the newly arranged rough methanolic concentrates of leaves were tried for the nearness or nonattendance of phytoconstituents, for example, 16 Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase protein The inhibitory action was dictated by hatching an answer of starch substrate (2 % w/v maltose or sucrose) 1 ml with 0. 2 M Tris cushion pH 8. 0 and different grouping of plant remove for 5 min at 37Â °C.The response was started by including 1 ml of alpha-glucosidase protein (1U/ml) to it followed by brooding for 40 min at 35Â °C. At that point the response was ended by the expansion of 2 ml of 6N HCl. At that point the power of the shading was estimated at 540nm (Krishnaveni et al. , 1984). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Application. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Calculation of half Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) The grouping of the plant removes required to rummage half of the radicals (IC50) was determined by utilizing the rate searching exercises at five unique convergences of the extract.Percentage restraint (I %) was determined by I % = (Ac-As)/Ac X 100, (Shai et al. , 2010). where Ac is the absorbance of the control and As is the absorbance of the example. Table 1 Phytochemical investigation of methanolic concentrate of Psidium guajava leaves S. No. Phytochemical Constituents Name of the Test Mayer s test Dragondraff test Wagner Test Molish Test Fehling Test Benedicts Test Lead Acetate Ferric chloride. Smelling salts Salkowaski H2So4 Liebermann s Burchard Test H2So4 Ammonia Shinoda s Test Ferric chloride Sodium chloride Borntrager s test Methanolic Extract + Condensed Tannin + _ Alkaloids 2 3 4 5 6 Carbohydrates Tannins Pseudo tannins Chlorogenic corrosive Steroidal Glycosides Anthocyanin Steroidal Glycosides Saponins glycosides Flavonoids Flavones Phenols Coumarin Phytochemical constituents Results The fundamental phytochemical screening tests for the methanol concentrate of Psidium guajava leaves (Table 1) uncovered the nearness of starches, alkaloids, flavones, tannins, steroidal glycosides, phenols and coumarin. Any of these optional metabolites, independently or in blend with others could be answerable for the counter diabetic action of the plant.There was a portion subordinate increment in rate inhibitory action against alphaamylase compound. At a grouping of 0. 2 ml of plant extricate indicated a rate restraint 27. 8% and for 1. 0 ml plant separate indicated restraint of 96. 3% (Table 2). The Psidium guajava methanol remove uncovered a huge inhibitory activity of alpha-glucosidase compound. The rate hindrance at 0. 2-1. 0 ml con vergences of Psidium guajava separate demonstrated a portion subordinate increment in rate restraint. The rate restraint differed from 89. 4% 31. 7% for most elevated fixation to the least oncentration (Table 3). 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 +++= High; + = Present; ++ = Moderate; = Absent Table. 2 In vitro antidiabetic movement of alpha-amylase technique S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % of Inhibition 27. 8 48. 9 62. 5 87. 2 96. 3 17 Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Application. Sci (2013) 2(2):15-19 Table 3 In vitro antidiabetic movement of alpha glucosidase strategy S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Concentration of Sample (ml) 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 % Of Inhibition 31. 7 53. 9 68. 2 76. 5 89. 4 Discussion Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic issue with expanding occurrence all through the world.Insulin is a key player in the control of glucose homeostasis. Absence of insulin influences starch, fat and protein digestion (Rajiv Gandhi and Sasikumar, 2012). The board of diabetes w ithout symptoms is still test to the clinical network. It was suggested that hindrance of the movement of such alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase would postpone the corruption of starch, which would thus cause a diminishing in the retention of glucose, therefore the decrease of postprandial blood glucose level rise (Rhabaso Lhoret and Chiasson, 2004).In the current examination, inquire about has been completed to assess the primer phytochemical examination and the capability of methanol concentrate of Psidium guajava leaf in hindering alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase. The current finding of Phytochemical screening of the plant remove affirmed the nearness of a few bioactive mixes like alkaloids, flavones, tannins and phenols which could be liable for the flexible therapeutic properties of this plant. The current finding uncovers that Psidium guajava proficiently restrains both alpha18 mylase and alpha-glucosidase compounds in vitro in a portion subordinate way. The watery concen trates from Syzygium cumini seeds and Psidium guajava leaves both demonstrated a portion subordinate inhibitory impact on alpha-amylase movement (Karthic et al. , 2008). The antidiabetic activity of Psidium guajava can likewise be ascribed to the intestinal alpha-amylase and alphaglucosidase inhibitory movement. Further examinations are required to explain whether Psidium guajava have antidiabetic potential by in vivo for approving the conventional case of the plant.In this current investigation we assessed in vitro alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase action of rough methanol concentrate of Psidium guajava leaves. The plant demonstrated critical hindrance action, so further the compound separation, purging and portrayal which is answerable for restraining movement, must be accomplished for the use of antidiabetic operator. Affirmation The creators are appreciative to Dr. P. Selvaraj, Chairman, Shivani Group of Institutions, Trichy, whose roomy heart cheered our endeavors to process this endeavor appropriately, effectively to finish the task.Also we stretch out our gratitude to The Secretary, The Principal and The Staff individuals from the SSK Polytechnic College,

Treating Catatonic Behavior in Schizophrenia

Treating Catatonic Behavior in Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Print Diagnosing Catatonic Behavior in Schizophrenia By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 21, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 23, 2020 Schizophrenia Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Verywell / Chelsea Damraksa In This Article Table of Contents Expand Common Catatonic Behaviors Getting a Diagnosis Types of Treatment For Loved Ones View All Although you may have heard the term catatonic schizophrenia, this diagnosis no longer officially exists in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5).?? It was previously one of the subtypes of schizophrenia. Currently, it is used to describe someone who is diagnosed with schizophrenia who also meets the diagnostic criteria for catatonia. Catatonia or catatonic behavior is a serious psychiatric condition that has historically been associated with schizophrenia, but it can be present in a variety of psychiatric conditions, including schizoaffective disorder,  bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.?? Catatonic behavior may also result from certain medications and medical conditions. Catatonia is marked by a significant decrease in someones reactivity to their environment. This can involve stupor, mutism, negativism or motor rigidity, and even purposeless excitement. While these symptoms can be scary and extremely debilitating, knowing more about them (and what treatments are available) can help you better manage or help a loved one do so. Common Catatonic Behaviors Someone with this condition might experience rigidity or stupor, be unable to speak, respond, or even moveâ€"and this can last for hours or even days if left untreated. Catatonia can also cause a person to perform strange movements and stay in uncomfortable-looking positions without attempting to shift into more comfortable or natural ones. In addition to a lack of mobility, erratic and extreme movement is possible in catatonic behavior. For example, you might pace in a repeated pattern and make loud exclamations for no reason at all (i.e., these actions are not in response to an environmental stimulus or event).? Parrot-like repetition or echoing of words, known as echolalia, is also a common catatonic behavior. Of course, people with this disorder may also display signs of schizophrenia, including:?? HallucinationsDelusionsCognitive problemsSocial withdrawalDisorganizationPoor self-careSocial difficultiesDecreased inability to express emotions How Schizophrenia Is Diagnosed by Observing Symptoms Getting a Diagnosis There are no labs or tests to diagnose catatonic symptoms in schizophrenia. Instead, your doctor will perform a series of medical exams and psychological evaluations to assess your physical and mental health, as well as rule out other conditions. Depending on the results, your doctor might give you a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan or an electroencephalogram (EEG) to check for any lesions or unusual brain wave patterns.?? A test may also be given to check for the presence of drugs and alcohol. During the psychiatric evaluation, you will be asked questions about your thoughts and behaviors. A psychiatrist will attempt to discover how long you have been experiencing the symptoms in question. If a patient is in a catatonic stupor and unable to talk, his or her family may be called in to provide information about the catatonic behavior. Misdiagnosis Unfortunately, because catatonia is characterized by motor symptoms, it is sometimes mistaken for another disorder. Catatonic symptoms like facial contortions, strange limb movements, or unusual body positions can lead to a misdiagnosis of tardive dyskinesia or other movement disorders. Similarly, Tourettes syndrome may be confused for catatonia due to some of the vocalizations that can be part of the syndrome. Types of Treatment Schizophrenia is a lifelong, chronic condition, which means youll need to take steps to stay ahead of and manage your catatonic behaviors and your schizophrenia. While theres no cure, there are treatment methods that can help you to better manage your symptoms. Find Help With the Best Online Therapy Programs Medication Benzodiazepines like Lorazepam (Ativan) are perhaps the most common approach to treatment.?? These drugs act as depressants on the central nervous system, which is why they are often used to treat anxiety. Because these drugs are fast-acting, they can often relieve catatonic symptoms quite quickly. However, they can be habit-forming when used as a long-term treatment. There is some debate around the use of antipsychotics in catatonia. In some cases, antipsychotics can worsen catatonia and are often discontinued in its acute management. However, they are generally reintroduced to treat and prevent the symptoms of schizophrenia. How Schizophrenia Is Treated Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) ECT, formerly known as electroshock therapy, is increasingly used to effectively treat catatonia in schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions. Living With Schizophrenia For Loved Ones Witnessing someone you care about experience catatonic behavior with schizophrenia is certainly scary. Perhaps the best thing you can do is to stay educatedâ€"about diagnosis, symptoms, and effective treatmentâ€"so you can get help right away if you notice any signs of catatonia like rigidity or stupor or erratic and extreme movements. Depending on the severity and type of symptoms, you may need to step in to describe the catatonic behaviors to your loved ones doctor. Doing your best to encourage your loved one to work with his or her mental health professional and stick with the treatment plan will help ensure that schizophrenia is being well managed and controlled. And dont forget self-care, which is essential for sustaining the mental energy required to support someone with a mental illness. Try to get ample sleep, eat right, exercise, and make time for relaxation and fun in your life. A Word From Verywell Getting a proper diagnosis and complying with treatment is key to coping with catatonic behavior. While schizophrenia is a lifelong disease, catatonia can be controlled. With appropriate treatment, people suffering from catatonic symptoms as part of schizophrenia and other psychiatric conditions can find significant relief from their symptoms.

Recommend a Good Book to Me - Interview Question Tips

The question can come in many different forms: Whats the last book you read?; Tell me about a good book youve read recently; Whats your favorite book? Why?; What types of books do you like to read?; Tell me about a good book you read for pleasure. Its one of the most common interview questions. The Purpose of the Question Whatever the form of the question, the interviewer is trying to learn a few things by asking about your reading habits and book preferences: Do you read for pleasure?  Active readers are people who are intellectually curious. They are also people who are likely to have better reading comprehension and writing skills than non-readers. Students who read a lot in high school are more likely to succeed in college than students who dont.Do you know how to talk about books?  A lot of your college course work will involve discussing and writing about what you have read. This interview question helps figure out if you are up for the challenge.Your interests. You are likely to get asked about your interests and passions in another interview question, but books are one more way to approach the topic. If you have a love of novels about Cold War espionage, that information helps the interviewer get to know you better.A book recommendation. An interview is a two-way conversation, and your interviewer may actually want to learn about some good books he or she isnt familiar with. The Best Books to Discuss Dont try to second guess this question too much by recommending a book simply because it has historical or cultural significance. Youll sound insincere if you state that Bunyans Pilgrims Progress is your favorite book when in truth your much prefer Stephen King novels. Nearly any work of fiction or nonfiction can work for this question as long as you have things to say about it and it is at an appropriate reading-level for a college-bound student. There are, however, a few types of works that might be weaker choices than others. In general, avoid works such as these: Works that were obviously assigned in class. Part of this question is to see what you read outside of class. If you name To Kill a Mockingbird or Hamlet, youll sound as if youve never read anything but assigned books.Juvenile fiction. You dont need to hide your love of Diary of a Wimpy Kid or Redwall books, but these works are also loved by kids much younger than you. Youd do better to recommend a book that is more in line with a college-level reader.Works chosen simply to impress. James Joyces Finnegans Wake isnt anyones favorite book, and youll sound insincere if you recommend a challenging book in an effort to make yourself look smart. The issue gets a little more fuzzy with works like Harry Potter and Twilight. Certainly plenty of adults (including many college admissions folks) devoured all of the Harry Potter books, and youll even find college courses on Harry Potter (check out these top colleges for Harry Potter fans). You certainly dont need to hide the fact that you were addicted to popular series such as these. That said, so many people love these books (including much younger readers) that they make for a rather predictable and uninteresting answer to the interviewers question. So what is the ideal book? Try to come up with something that fits these general guidelines: Pick a book that you sincerely love and that you are comfortable talking about.Pick a book with enough substance to it so that you can explain why you like the book.Pick a book that is at an appropriate reading level; something that is a huge hit among fourth-graders is probably not your best choice.Pick a book that gives the interviewer a window into your interests and passions. This last point is important —  the interviewer wants to get to know you better. The fact that the college has interviews means that they have holistic admissions  Ã¢â‚¬â€ they are evaluating you as a person, not as a collection of grades and test scores.  This interview question isnt so much about the book you choose as it is about you. Make sure you are able to articulate why you are recommending the book. Why did the book speak to you more than other books? What about the book did you find so compelling? How did the book engage issues that you are passionate about? How did the book open your mind or create new understanding? Some Final Interview Advice As you prepare for your interview, be sure to master each of these 12 common interview questions. Also be sure to avoid these 10 interview mistakes. The interview is typically a friendly exchange of information, so try not to get to stressed about it. If youve focused on a book that you truly enjoyed reading and youve thought about why you enjoy it, you should have little difficulty with this interview question.

The Mirror Brand Names in Todays Society Essay - 1740 Words

CAROLINE. Ever heard the name? A student advertising freelancer. (Still no clue). It was Caroline who designed Nike’s SWOOSH logo for $35 in 1971. (Today you will have to pay a little more than that to buy the swoosh on a pair of ordinary Nike sneakers.) Time ushers change and change requires the old to be replaced by the new. Business is no different; it has witnessed a fair share of evolution. Once upon a time, the quest was for everything tangible. Cash, real estate, machinery, inventory, investments were the means of defining the strength of a company.Today, wealth resides in the intangible. Companies spend millions to maintain their priceless goodwill, patents and most importantly, their irreplaceable BRANDS. You have just seen†¦show more content†¦Nokia sells in India, as if the phones were being distributed for free. Do you know why? The answer is simple— because its nokia. No answer will make less sense, and at the same time, no other answer can make such perfect sense (it merely depends on your point of view). You must understand that when we Indians purchase luxury goods (be it cell phones or apparel), it is not the product that we seek; rather it is the value that the product adds to us that we try to find. And the aura around the nokia brand is so much so that Indians are simply mesmerized by it. This was merely a glimpse into the astonishingly persuasive world of brands. And that brings me to my next question—- How did all this exactly happen? Patience. Ingenuity. And most importantly–an alliance which was about to shape the world as we know it today. We know them as very dear friends, the perfect complements, brands and marketing. It has been this alliance that has resulted in prosperity beyond possibility. Today, together they constitute for not billions but trillions of dollars of product sales, worldwide. Thus, let us now embark on a journey to appreciate the progression of their coexistence. DEFYING LOGIC The marketing mix(to create brands) for a very long time has been the use of the 4Ps, that is, the Product,Show MoreRelatedBranding Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesSubject: The brand as an aspirational and cultural agent 14/03/2013 According to Philip J. Kotler à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a brand is a name, term, sign symbol or design, or a combination of them to identify the goods or services of one seller or a group of sellers and to identify them from the competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This definition expresses the brand as the sum of the representations that we have, however, the brand is also a cultural agent. To remain permanently in the mind of the consumer brands must build a recognizableRead MoreBranding Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe brand as an aspirational and cultural agent 14/03/2013 According to Philip J. 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Sexual Offences Act 2003 Free Essays

string(123) " act as an accomplice of a male rapist then they can be charged with â€Å"causing a person to engage in sexual activity †\." One of the driving forces behind the creation of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 was the low conviction rate on rapists. In 1999 9,008 rape cases were reported and only 1 in 13 resulted in a conviction . Within this essay I will discuss whether or not the changes introduced by the Sexual Offences Act 2003 add greater clarity to the area of rape. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Offences Act 2003 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to fully understand this question one must first define rape. The standard definition of rape is â€Å"unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman who at the time of intercourse does not consent . I say standard because with each Sexual Act the definition of rape has changed in some way. When rape was first introduced as a statutory offence in the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 it simply stated that ‘it is a felony to rape a woman . ’ The Sexual Offences Act 2003 now defines rape as the ‘intentional penetration of the vagina, anus, or mouth of another person who does not consent . ’ Each Sexual Offences Act attempts to further clarify the area of rape. The main change in the Sexual Offences Act 2003 has to deal with the definition and the area of consent. The Sexual Offences Act of 1956 elaborates to a great extent on the area of rape; it goes more in depth where rape is concerned than the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. The Sexual Offences Act 1956 states: â€Å"Rape of a man or woman (1)It is an offence for a man to rape a woman or another man. (2)A man commits rape if— (a)he has sexual intercourse with a person (whether vaginal or anal) who at the time of the intercourse does not consent to it; and (b)at the time he knows that the person does not consent to the intercourse or is reckless as to whether that person consents to it. 3)A man also commits rape if he induces a married woman to have sexual intercourse with him by impersonating her husband. (4)Subsection (2) applies for the purpose of any enactment. † Like Offences Against the Person Act 1861, this act also failed to clarify or to give further direction on the matter of consent. Thus, it was still up to the â€Å"judiciary to determine the constituent e lements and develop the factors that might vitiate an apparent consent. † In 1975 the case of DPP v Morgan prompted Parliament to amend this act in order to attempt to clarify the area of consent. The amendment to this act is found in the Sexual Offences Act 1976. This act states: (1)For the purposes of section 1 of the M1Sexual Offences Act 1956 (which relates to rape) a man commits rape if— (a)he has unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman who at the time of the intercourse does not consent to it; and (b)at that time he knows that she does not consent to the intercourse or he is reckless as to whether she consents to it; and references to rape in other enactments (including the following provisions of this Act) shall be construed accordingly. 2)It is hereby declared that if at a trial for a rape offence the jury has to consider whether a man believed that a woman was consenting to sexual intercourse, the presence or absence of reasonable grounds for such a belief is a matter to which the jury is to have regard, in conjunction with any other relevant matters, in considering whether he so believed. † In the case of DPP v Morgan the husband invited three friends o ver to have intercourse with his wife. He told them that she might be acting like she was resisting but she was actually just role playing. Though the wife struggled against them they still had sex with her because they were under the belief that she had consented. They were tried with rape. The judge’s remark to the jury simply was if you believe that the wife did not consent then the defendants belief that she did indeed consent is not a defense. They were all convicted of rape. Due to the confusion caused by this case section 1(2) (as shown above) of the Sexual Offences Act 1976 was created. This gives a definition of mens rea in regards to consent . Although this act tried to further clarify consent and the meaning of rape there were still some tweaking that had to be done to it. For instance it defines rape but it doesn’t establish the need to show that there was â€Å"force, fear, or fraud affecting the woman’s consent. † The Jury was just instructed to give consent its ordinary meaning. That being stated this act also failed to provide a legal definition of consent. All of these changes were made in the Sexual Offences Act 2003. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 states: â€Å" Rape (1) A person (A) commits an offence if— a) he intentionally penetrates the vagina, anus or mouth of another person (B) with his penis, (b) B does not consent to the penetration, and (c) A does not reasonably believe that B consents. (2) Whether a belief is reasonable is to be determined having regard to all the circumstances, including any steps A has taken to ascertain whether B consents. (3) Sections 75 and 76 apply to an offence under this section. (4) A person guilty of an offence under this section is liable, on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for life. † Although these changes were made does it actually add clarity to the area of rape? The first change that must be mentioned is the inclusion of oral as a point where penetration can occur. This was included because it was decided that oral sex was just â€Å"as abhorrent demeaning and traumatizing a violation and equally, if not more psychologically harmful than vaginal and anal rape . † Secondly, section 1(1) of this act makes rape gender specific. Since it states that penetration must be done with a penis then only males can commit rape. Thus, women cannot legally be charged with rape but if they act as an accomplice of a male rapist then they can be charged with â€Å"causing a person to engage in sexual activity †. You read "Sexual Offences Act 2003" in category "Essay examples" Although this section shows that a woman cannot be a rapist section 79(3) which state, â€Å"references to a part of the body include references to a part surgically constructed (in particular, through gender reassignment surgery), † is a deviation of this rule this shows that if it is a transsexual, who committed penile surgery then she can be charged with rape, for rape is the penetration of the penis, whether it is a surgically constructed penis or a natural one. It does not matter the gender of who is raped or that of the rapist . Those with surgically constructed vaginas can also be raped as per R v Matthews . Thirdly, the actus reus for rape is no longer unlawful sexual intercourse. In the previous Sexual Acts 1956 and 1976 unlawful intercourse was the actus reus. Unlawful meant sexual intercourse outside of marriage. This was discovered to be a common law action as per R v R , and was abolished. Now a husband can rape his wife. The actus reus for rape according to the Sexual Offences Act 2003 is penetration . In accordance with this act in order for it to be rape several elements must be meet. Firstly, it has to be proven that the vagina, anus or mouth was intentionally penetrated by the defendant. The mens rea for rape is the intentional penetration. Once penetrated it is thought that intent is there unless the penetration is minimal. In that case it can be argued that the defendant only â€Å"meant to stay on the outside† . Intoxication cannot be used as a defense as per R v Woods , due to the fact that rape is still a crime of basic intent. Before this act the actus reus for rape was unlawful intercourse (outside marriage)it is now penetration. Section 79(2) defines penetration as â€Å"a continuing act from entry to withdrawal ,† as per Cooper v Schaub . For it to be penetration full entry is not necessary. Thus, the vagina includes the vulva this is explained in section 79(9), which simply states that â€Å"Vagina includes vulva † As per R v Tarmohammed the penis should be removed if at any point consent is withdrawn. This brings me to my next point that of consent. Secondly, it has to be determined whether or not the victim gave consent. Section 74 defines consent as â€Å" a person freely agreeing by choice and who has the freedom and capacity to make that choice . The phrase capacity to make a choice is a tricky phrase especially if one is dealing with a person with a mental disorder. To help clarify this in the Offences related to persons with a mental disorder section 30(2) is used. This states: â€Å"B is unable to refuse if – He lacks the capacity to choose whether to agree to the touching (w hether because he lacks sufficient understanding of the nature or possible consequences of what is being done, or for any other reason), or he is unable to communicate such a choice to A. Therefore if one does not understand the complete nature of the act then they cannot consent as per R v Williams . More clarification on whether or not a woman has consented is given by sections 75 and 76 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003. These sections each contain a presumption about consent. Section 75 contain evidential presumption which may be challenged by the defendant, whereas, section 76 cannot be challenged as it is conclusive presumptions . The evidential burden is not a burden of proof; it simply means that the defendant needs to provide some evidence that supports his case. Section 75 states: â€Å"(1) If in proceedings for an offence to which this section applies it is proved— (a) that the defendant did the relevant act, (b) that any of the circumstances specified in subsection (2) existed, and (c) that the defendant knew that those circumstances existed, † If (a), (b), and (c) are proved by the prosecution then it can be assumed that the victim did not consent to the act nor did the offender reasonably believe that he had consent. If the judge does not think that the evidence is enough to raise an issue then the jury is instructed to look at section 75(2) . This states: â€Å"The circumstances are that— a) any person was, at the time of the relevant act or immediately before it began, using violence against the complainant or causing the complainant to fear that immediate violence would be used against him; (b) any person was, at the time of the relevant act or immediately before it began, causing the complainant to fear that vio lence was being used, or that immediate violence would be used, against another person; (c) the complainant was, and the defendant was not, unlawfully detained at the time of the relevant act; (d) the complainant was asleep or otherwise unconscious at the time of the relevant act; (e) because of the complainant’s physical disability, the complainant would not have been able at the time of the relevant act to communicate to the defendant whether the complainant consented; (f) any person had administered to or caused to be taken by the complainant, without the complainant’s consent, a substance which, having regard to when it was administered or taken, was capable of causing or enabling the complainant to be stupefied or overpowered at the time of the relevant act. (3) In subsection (2)(a) and (b), the reference to the time immediately before the relevant act began is, in the case of an act which is one of a continuous series of sexual activities, a reference to the time immediately before the first sexual activity began. When looking at sections 75(2)(a) and (b) violence is not given a legal definition here but uses its normal definition. Violence is â€Å"any action using physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill . † The one who does the act does not have to be the one that used violence in coercing the victim. In regards to section 75(2)(d) if one is asleep they then cannot give consent to the act as per R v Larter and Castleton . When dealing with section 75(2)(e) if one cannot communicate it may be due to a physical or mental disability. In regards to section 75(2)(f) if the offender knew that the substance used would render the victim ‘overpowered’ then he can be charged with rape. The conclusive presumptions found in section 76 are: (1) If in proceedings for an offence to which this section applies it is proved that the defendant did the relevant act and that any of the circumstances specified in subsection (2) exi sted, it is to be conclusively presumed— (a) that the complainant did not consent to the relevant act, and (b) that the defendant did not believe that the complainant consented to the relevant act. (2) The circumstances are that— (a) the defendant intentionally deceived the complainant as to the nature or purpose of the relevant act; (b) the defendant intentionally induced the complainant to consent to the relevant act by impersonating a person known personally to the complainant. This simply means that if the offender intentionally deceives the victim in regards to what the act is which is taken place or to who he is then the consent is not valid. Thirdly, it has to be proven that the offender did not reasonably believe that the victim consented. Consent of honest but mistaken belief is not available where â€Å"due to self-induced intoxication, there was recklessness as to consent, or where D failed to take all reasonable steps that might be expected in the circumst ances. † In the case of DPP v Morgan it was decided that a person would not be guilty of rape if they had an honest belief that the victim did indeed consent. With the Sexual Offences Act section 1(2) it is no longer as simple as that. Section 1(2) states: â€Å"Whether a belief is reasonable is to be determined having regard to all the circumstances, including any steps A has taken to ascertain whether B consents. † The offender may in fact have made an honest mistake in regards of consent but it must be decided if the mistake was a reasonable one. This is left up to the jury to determine using a subjective approach. This means that the jury must look at all the facts including the offender characteristics, thus, giving a subjective view. In conclusion, it is my belief that the Sexual Offences Act 2003 does add a greater clarity to the area of rape. When one look at the previous Sexual Acts and compare them with the current act it is easy to see the changes that has been made Not only can a biological male commit the act of rape but now a transgender individual can as well. Due to this act rape now entails oral sex and consent is given a legal definition. Section 75 and 76 of the act helps to further clarify the area of consent. Thanks to the changes made in this act the elements for rape are now more defined. ? BIBLIOGRAPHY Card, Richard (2008) Card, Cross, and Jones Criminal Law. New York, Oxford University Press Cooper v Schaub [1994] Crim LR 531 DPP v Morgan [1976] A. C. 182 Martin ,A, Elizabeth. ed)(2006) Oxford dictionary of Law. New York, Oxford University Press Office of Public Sector Information. The UK Statute law Database. (online) available from: http://www. opsi. gov. uk/ (Accessed 3rd April 2009) R v R [1993] 1 All ER 747 R v Larter and Castleton [1995] Crim LR 75 R v Tarmohammed [1997] Crim LR 458 R v Williams [19 92] All ER 322 R v Woods (1981) 74 Cr App R 312 Soanes, Catherine. (ed)(2007) Oxford English Mini Dictionary. New York, Oxford University Press Stevenson, Kim. et al (2004) Blackstone’s Guide to The Sexual Offences Act 2003. New York, Oxford University Press Tomaselli, Sylvana. , Porter Roy (ed)(1986) RAPE. New York, Basil Blackwell Ltd. How to cite Sexual Offences Act 2003, Essay examples

Interpretation of the Downton Abbey Essays - Downton Abbey, Downton

British period drama Downton Abbey has become a global sensation since hitting our screens in 2010. An almost instant hit in the UK, series two cemented Downton as a worldwide "phenomenon" and one of the UK's biggest exports, with more than 100 countries owning the rights to broadcast the show. The series is set in the fictional Downton Abbey, a Yorkshire country house, the seat of the Earl and Countess of Grantham, and follows the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family and their servants during the reign of King George V. The first series spanned the two years before the Great War beginning with news of the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, which set the story in motion. The second series covered the years 1916 to 1919, and the 2011 Christmas Special covered the 1919 Christmas period, ending in early 1920. The third series picks up soon thereafter, covering 1920 through the autumn of 1921. I have watched the first two series and the beginning of the third series and I find some key words to interpret this drama. Locations Highclere Castle in Hampshire was used for exterior shots of Downton Abbey and most of the interior filming. The village of Bampton in Oxfordshire was used to film outdoor scenes, most notably St Mary's Church and the library, which served as the entrance to the cottage hospital. Many historical locations and aristocratic mansions were used to film various scenes. The fictional Haxby Park, the estate Sir Richard Carlisle intends to buy in Series 2, is part of Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire.Inveraray Castle doubled as "Duneagle Castle" in the 2012 Christmas special. In the third series, Bates' prison scenes were filmed at Lincoln Castle in Lincolnshire. The Downton Abbey of the title and setting, though fictional, is described as lying in the historical County of Yorkshire. The towns of Easingwold, Kirkby Malzeard, Kirkbymoorside, Malton, Middlesbrough, Ripon, Richmond, and Thirsk, each mentioned by characters in the series, lie in present-day North Yorkshire, as does the city of York, while Leeds?similarly mentioned?lies in West Yorkshire. Those locations are signs that this drama is completely different from other dramas which take place in modern times. In this special setting, the Downton Abbey must have other distinctive characteristics. Love British-style romantic love lies in almost every English literary works. In the Downton Abbey, the restraining sentiments between gentlemen and ladies that make us relaxed and fascinated are quite different from the free love. Matthew, a handsome and independent lawyer, fell in love with Mary, the eldest daughter of Lord. Among the three daughters, Mary is the most beautiful one; she had a number of pursuers after the death of her fianc?. After long-term engagement, Mary came to love Matthew for his is upright and aspirant. Costumes The stories of first two series took place between 1912 and 1919; accordingly, the fashion trend of costumes has undergone slight changes. Skirt became shorter, looser and more comfortable. In the first series, actress are required to wear corsets while in the second series, the requirement is not that strict. However, in this huge drama, all the actors and actress, from noblemen to servant, wear second-hand costumes borrowed from theatres except actress Maggie Smith. She played the Lord Grantham?s mother. All the finest elements of British drama can be traced in the Downton Abbey: calm language, huge story of aristocratic family, contradictory and restrained personality. I don?t know the ending of it, but I hope that it could have a happy ending just like the stories from the pen of Jane Austen.